CVE Vulnerabilities

CVE-2021-47237

Missing Release of Memory after Effective Lifetime

Published: May 21, 2024 | Modified: Dec 30, 2024
CVSS 3.x
5.5
MEDIUM
Source:
NVD
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
CVSS 2.x
RedHat/V2
RedHat/V3
5.1 LOW
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:L
Ubuntu
MEDIUM
root.io logo minimus.io logo echo.ai logo

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

net: hamradio: fix memory leak in mkiss_close

My local syzbot instance hit memory leak in mkiss_open()[1]. The problem was in missing free_netdev() in mkiss_close().

In mkiss_open() netdevice is allocated and then registered, but in mkiss_close() netdevice was only unregistered, but not freed.

Fail log:

BUG: memory leak unreferenced object 0xffff8880281ba000 (size 4096): comm syz-executor.1, pid 11443, jiffies 4295046091 (age 17.660s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): 61 78 30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ax0…………. 00 27 fa 2a 80 88 ff ff 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..*………… backtrace: [] kvmalloc_node+0x61/0xf0 [] alloc_netdev_mqs+0x98/0xe80 [] mkiss_open+0xb2/0x6f0 [1] [] tty_ldisc_open+0x9b/0x110 [] tty_set_ldisc+0x2e8/0x670 [] tty_ioctl+0xda3/0x1440 [] __x64_sys_ioctl+0x193/0x200 [] do_syscall_64+0x3a/0xb0 [] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae

BUG: memory leak unreferenced object 0xffff8880141a9a00 (size 96): comm syz-executor.1, pid 11443, jiffies 4295046091 (age 17.660s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): e8 a2 1b 28 80 88 ff ff e8 a2 1b 28 80 88 ff ff …(…….(…. 98 92 9c aa b0 40 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 …..@………. backtrace: [] __hw_addr_create_ex+0x5b/0x310 [] __hw_addr_add_ex+0x1f8/0x2b0 [] dev_addr_init+0x10b/0x1f0 [] alloc_netdev_mqs+0x13b/0xe80 [] mkiss_open+0xb2/0x6f0 [1] [] tty_ldisc_open+0x9b/0x110 [] tty_set_ldisc+0x2e8/0x670 [] tty_ioctl+0xda3/0x1440 [] __x64_sys_ioctl+0x193/0x200 [] do_syscall_64+0x3a/0xb0 [] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae

BUG: memory leak unreferenced object 0xffff8880219bfc00 (size 512): comm syz-executor.1, pid 11443, jiffies 4295046091 (age 17.660s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): 00 a0 1b 28 80 88 ff ff 80 8f b1 8d ff ff ff ff …(………… 80 8f b1 8d ff ff ff ff 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ……………. backtrace: [] kvmalloc_node+0x61/0xf0 [] alloc_netdev_mqs+0x777/0xe80 [] mkiss_open+0xb2/0x6f0 [1] [] tty_ldisc_open+0x9b/0x110 [] tty_set_ldisc+0x2e8/0x670 [] tty_ioctl+0xda3/0x1440 [] __x64_sys_ioctl+0x193/0x200 [] do_syscall_64+0x3a/0xb0 [] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae

BUG: memory leak unreferenced object 0xffff888029b2b200 (size 256): comm syz-executor.1, pid 11443, jiffies 4295046091 (age 17.660s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ……………. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ……………. backtrace: [] kvmalloc_node+0x61/0xf0 [] alloc_netdev_mqs+0x912/0xe80 [] mkiss_open+0xb2/0x6f0 [1] [] tty_ldisc_open+0x9b/0x110 [] tty_set_ldisc+0x2e8/0x670 [] tty_ioctl+0xda3/0x1440 [] __x64_sys_ioctl+0x193/0x200 [] do_syscall_64+0x3a/0xb0 [] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae

Weakness

The product does not sufficiently track and release allocated memory after it has been used, making the memory unavailable for reallocation and reuse.

Affected Software

NameVendorStart VersionEnd Version
Linux_kernelLinux2.6.14 (including)4.4.274 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux4.5 (including)4.9.274 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux4.10 (including)4.14.238 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux4.15 (including)4.19.196 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux4.20 (including)5.4.128 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux5.5 (including)5.10.46 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux5.11 (including)5.12.13 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux5.13-rc1 (including)5.13-rc1 (including)
Linux_kernelLinux5.13-rc2 (including)5.13-rc2 (including)
Linux_kernelLinux5.13-rc3 (including)5.13-rc3 (including)
Linux_kernelLinux5.13-rc4 (including)5.13-rc4 (including)
Linux_kernelLinux5.13-rc5 (including)5.13-rc5 (including)
Linux_kernelLinux5.13-rc6 (including)5.13-rc6 (including)
LinuxUbuntubionic*
LinuxUbuntuesm-infra-legacy/trusty*
LinuxUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
LinuxUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
LinuxUbuntuesm-infra/xenial*
LinuxUbuntufocal*
LinuxUbuntutrusty*
LinuxUbuntutrusty/esm*
LinuxUbuntuupstream*
LinuxUbuntuxenial*
Linux-allwinner-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-allwinner-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-awsUbuntubionic*
Linux-awsUbuntuesm-infra-legacy/trusty*
Linux-awsUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-awsUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-awsUbuntuesm-infra/xenial*
Linux-awsUbuntufocal*
Linux-awsUbuntutrusty*
Linux-awsUbuntutrusty/esm*
Linux-awsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-awsUbuntuxenial*
Linux-aws-5.0Ubuntubionic*
Linux-aws-5.0Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-aws-5.0Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-aws-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-aws-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-aws-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-aws-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-aws-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-aws-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-aws-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-aws-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-aws-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-aws-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-aws-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-aws-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntufips-updates/bionic*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntufips/bionic*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntutrusty*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntuxenial*
Linux-aws-hweUbuntuesm-infra/xenial*
Linux-aws-hweUbuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-hweUbuntuxenial*
Linux-azureUbuntubionic*
Linux-azureUbuntuesm-infra-legacy/trusty*
Linux-azureUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azureUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azureUbuntuesm-infra/xenial*
Linux-azureUbuntufocal*
Linux-azureUbuntutrusty*
Linux-azureUbuntutrusty/esm*
Linux-azureUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azureUbuntuxenial*
Linux-azure-4.15Ubuntubionic*
Linux-azure-4.15Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azure-4.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-azure-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-azure-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-azure-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azure-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-azure-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azure-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-azure-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-edgeUbuntubionic*
Linux-azure-edgeUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azure-edgeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntufocal*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-fde-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-fde-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntufips-updates/bionic*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntufips/bionic*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntutrusty*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntuxenial*
Linux-azure-nvidiaUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-nvidia-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-bluefieldUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-bluefieldUbuntufocal*
Linux-bluefieldUbuntuupstream*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips-updates/bionic*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips-updates/xenial*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips/bionic*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips/xenial*
Linux-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gcpUbuntubionic*
Linux-gcpUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gcpUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcpUbuntuesm-infra/xenial*
Linux-gcpUbuntufocal*
Linux-gcpUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gcpUbuntuxenial*
Linux-gcp-4.15Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gcp-4.15Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gcp-4.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcp-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gcp-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcp-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gcp-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-gcp-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gcp-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gcp-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gcp-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gcp-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcp-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gcp-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-gcp-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntufips-updates/bionic*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntufips/bionic*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntutrusty*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntuxenial*
Linux-gkeUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gkeUbuntufocal*
Linux-gkeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeUbuntuxenial*
Linux-gke-4.15Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gke-4.15Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gke-4.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gke-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gke-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gke-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gke-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gke-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gke-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeopUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gkeopUbuntufocal*
Linux-gkeopUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeop-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeop-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gkeop-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gkeop-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hweUbuntubionic*
Linux-hweUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-hweUbuntuesm-infra/xenial*
Linux-hweUbuntuupstream*
Linux-hweUbuntuxenial*
Linux-hwe-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-hwe-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-hwe-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-hwe-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-hwe-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-hwe-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-hwe-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-hwe-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-hwe-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-hwe-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-hwe-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntubionic*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuesm-infra/xenial*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuxenial*
Linux-ibmUbuntumantic*
Linux-ibmUbuntuupstream*
Linux-ibm-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-ibm-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-ibm-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-intelUbuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-intel-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-intel-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-iot-realtimeUbuntujammy*
Linux-intel-iot-realtimeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-iotgUbuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-iotg-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-iotUbuntuupstream*
Linux-kvmUbuntubionic*
Linux-kvmUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-kvmUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-kvmUbuntuesm-infra/xenial*
Linux-kvmUbuntufocal*
Linux-kvmUbuntuupstream*
Linux-kvmUbuntuxenial*
Linux-laptopUbuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatencyUbuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lts-xenialUbuntuesm-infra-legacy/trusty*
Linux-lts-xenialUbuntutrusty*
Linux-lts-xenialUbuntutrusty/esm*
Linux-lts-xenialUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidiaUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-nvidia-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-lowlatencyUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-tegraUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-igxUbuntuupstream*
Linux-oemUbuntubionic*
Linux-oemUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oemUbuntuupstream*
Linux-oemUbuntuxenial*
Linux-oem-5.10Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.10Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.10Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.14Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.14Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.17Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oem-5.17Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.6Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.6Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.6Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.0Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oem-6.0Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.1Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oem-6.1Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.17Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracleUbuntubionic*
Linux-oracleUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oracleUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracleUbuntuesm-infra/xenial*
Linux-oracleUbuntufocal*
Linux-oracleUbuntuupstream*
Linux-oracleUbuntuxenial*
Linux-oracle-5.0Ubuntubionic*
Linux-oracle-5.0Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oracle-5.0Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracle-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oracle-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracle-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oracle-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-oracle-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oracle-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-oracle-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oracle-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracle-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oracle-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-raspiUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-raspiUbuntufocal*
Linux-raspiUbuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-raspi-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-raspi-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi-realtimeUbuntunoble*
Linux-raspi-realtimeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntubionic*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntufocal*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntuxenial*
Linux-realtimeUbuntujammy*
Linux-realtimeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-realtime-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-realtime-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscvUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-riscvUbuntufocal*
Linux-riscvUbuntujammy*
Linux-riscvUbuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-riscv-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-riscv-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-riscv-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-riscv-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-riscv-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-starfiveUbuntuupstream*
Linux-starfive-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-starfive-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-starfive-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-starfive-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-starfive-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-xilinxUbuntuupstream*
Linux-xilinx-zynqmpUbuntuupstream*

Potential Mitigations

  • Choose a language or tool that provides automatic memory management, or makes manual memory management less error-prone.
  • For example, glibc in Linux provides protection against free of invalid pointers.
  • When using Xcode to target OS X or iOS, enable automatic reference counting (ARC) [REF-391].
  • To help correctly and consistently manage memory when programming in C++, consider using a smart pointer class such as std::auto_ptr (defined by ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 14882:2003), std::shared_ptr and std::unique_ptr (specified by an upcoming revision of the C++ standard, informally referred to as C++ 1x), or equivalent solutions such as Boost.

References