CVE Vulnerabilities

CVE-2023-2163

Incorrect Calculation

Published: Sep 20, 2023 | Modified: Nov 21, 2024
CVSS 3.x
8.8
HIGH
Source:
NVD
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
CVSS 2.x
RedHat/V2
RedHat/V3
8.2 IMPORTANT
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Ubuntu
MEDIUM
root.io logo minimus.io logo echo.ai logo

Incorrect verifier pruning in BPF in Linux Kernel >=5.4 leads to unsafe code paths being incorrectly marked as safe, resulting in arbitrary read/write in kernel memory, lateral privilege escalation, and container escape.

Weakness

The product performs a calculation that generates incorrect or unintended results that are later used in security-critical decisions or resource management.

Affected Software

NameVendorStart VersionEnd Version
Linux_kernelLinux5.3 (including)5.4.242 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux5.5 (including)5.10.179 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux5.11 (including)5.15.109 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux5.16 (including)6.1.26 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux6.2 (including)6.2.13 (excluding)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8RedHatkernel-rt-0:4.18.0-513.9.1.rt7.311.el8_9*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8RedHatkernel-0:4.18.0-513.9.1.el8_9*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8RedHatkpatch-patch*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Advanced Update SupportRedHatkernel-0:4.18.0-193.120.1.el8_2*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Telecommunications Update ServiceRedHatkernel-rt-0:4.18.0-193.120.1.rt13.171.el8_2*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Telecommunications Update ServiceRedHatkernel-0:4.18.0-193.120.1.el8_2*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Update Services for SAP SolutionsRedHatkpatch-patch*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Update Services for SAP SolutionsRedHatkernel-0:4.18.0-193.120.1.el8_2*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update SupportRedHatkernel-0:4.18.0-305.120.1.el8_4*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Telecommunications Update ServiceRedHatkernel-rt-0:4.18.0-305.120.1.rt7.196.el8_4*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Telecommunications Update ServiceRedHatkernel-0:4.18.0-305.120.1.el8_4*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Update Services for SAP SolutionsRedHatkernel-0:4.18.0-305.120.1.el8_4*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Update Services for SAP SolutionsRedHatkpatch-patch*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Extended Update SupportRedHatkpatch-patch*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Extended Update SupportRedHatkernel-0:4.18.0-372.87.1.el8_6*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Extended Update SupportRedHatkpatch-patch*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Extended Update SupportRedHatkernel-0:4.18.0-477.43.1.el8_8*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 Extended Update SupportRedHatkernel-0:5.14.0-70.93.2.el9_0*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 Extended Update SupportRedHatkernel-rt-0:5.14.0-70.93.1.rt21.165.el9_0*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 Extended Update SupportRedHatkpatch-patch*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Extended Update SupportRedHatkernel-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Extended Update SupportRedHatkernel-rt-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.rt14.333.el9_2*
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Extended Update SupportRedHatkpatch-patch*
Red Hat Virtualization 4 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8RedHatkernel-0:4.18.0-372.87.1.el8_6*
LinuxUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
LinuxUbuntufocal*
LinuxUbuntujammy*
LinuxUbuntukinetic*
LinuxUbuntulunar*
LinuxUbuntuupstream*
Linux-allwinnerUbuntukinetic*
Linux-allwinnerUbuntulunar*
Linux-allwinnerUbuntuupstream*
Linux-allwinner-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-allwinner-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-awsUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-awsUbuntufocal*
Linux-awsUbuntujammy*
Linux-awsUbuntukinetic*
Linux-awsUbuntulunar*
Linux-awsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.0Ubuntubionic*
Linux-aws-5.0Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-aws-5.0Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-aws-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-aws-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-aws-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-aws-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-aws-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-aws-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-aws-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-aws-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-aws-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-aws-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-aws-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-aws-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-aws-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-aws-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntutrusty*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntuxenial*
Linux-aws-hweUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azureUbuntubionic*
Linux-azureUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azureUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azureUbuntufocal*
Linux-azureUbuntujammy*
Linux-azureUbuntukinetic*
Linux-azureUbuntulunar*
Linux-azureUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-4.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-azure-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-azure-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-azure-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-azure-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azure-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-azure-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azure-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-azure-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-edgeUbuntubionic*
Linux-azure-edgeUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azure-edgeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntufocal*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntujammy*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-fde-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntutrusty*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntuxenial*
Linux-azure-nvidiaUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-nvidia-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-bluefieldUbuntubluefield/jammy*
Linux-bluefieldUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-bluefieldUbuntufocal*
Linux-bluefieldUbuntuupstream*
Linux-dell300xUbuntubionic*
Linux-dell300xUbuntuupstream*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips-preview/jammy*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gcpUbuntubionic*
Linux-gcpUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gcpUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcpUbuntufocal*
Linux-gcpUbuntujammy*
Linux-gcpUbuntukinetic*
Linux-gcpUbuntulunar*
Linux-gcpUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-4.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcp-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gcp-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcp-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gcp-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcp-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gcp-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-gcp-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gcp-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gcp-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gcp-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gcp-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcp-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gcp-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntutrusty*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntuxenial*
Linux-gkeUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gkeUbuntufocal*
Linux-gkeUbuntujammy*
Linux-gkeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeUbuntuxenial*
Linux-gke-4.15Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gke-4.15Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gke-4.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gke-5.0Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gke-5.0Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gke-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gke-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gke-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gke-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gke-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gke-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gke-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gke-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeopUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gkeopUbuntufocal*
Linux-gkeopUbuntujammy*
Linux-gkeopUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeop-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gkeop-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gkeop-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeop-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gkeop-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gkeop-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hweUbuntubionic*
Linux-hweUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-hweUbuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-hwe-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-hwe-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-hwe-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-hwe-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-hwe-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-hwe-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-hwe-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-hwe-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-hwe-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-hwe-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-hwe-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntubionic*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuesm-infra/xenial*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuxenial*
Linux-ibmUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-ibmUbuntufocal*
Linux-ibmUbuntujammy*
Linux-ibmUbuntukinetic*
Linux-ibmUbuntulunar*
Linux-ibmUbuntumantic*
Linux-ibmUbuntuupstream*
Linux-ibm-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-ibm-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-ibm-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-ibm-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-ibm-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-ibm-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-ibm-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-intelUbuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-intel-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-intel-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-iot-realtimeUbuntujammy*
Linux-intel-iot-realtimeUbunturealtime/jammy*
Linux-intel-iot-realtimeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-iotgUbuntujammy*
Linux-intel-iotgUbuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-iotg-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-intel-iotg-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-intel-iotg-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-iotUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-iotUbuntufocal*
Linux-iotUbuntuupstream*
Linux-kvmUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-kvmUbuntufocal*
Linux-kvmUbuntujammy*
Linux-kvmUbuntukinetic*
Linux-kvmUbuntulunar*
Linux-kvmUbuntuupstream*
Linux-laptopUbuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatencyUbuntujammy*
Linux-lowlatencyUbuntukinetic*
Linux-lowlatencyUbuntulunar*
Linux-lowlatencyUbuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lts-xenialUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidiaUbuntujammy*
Linux-nvidiaUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-nvidia-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-lowlatencyUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-tegraUbuntujammy*
Linux-nvidia-tegraUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-igxUbuntujammy*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-igxUbuntuupstream*
Linux-oemUbuntubionic*
Linux-oemUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oemUbuntuupstream*
Linux-oemUbuntuxenial*
Linux-oem-5.10Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.10Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.10Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.14Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.14Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.17Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oem-5.17Ubuntukinetic*
Linux-oem-5.17Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.6Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.6Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.6Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.0Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oem-6.0Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.1Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oem-6.1Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.17Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-osp1Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracleUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracleUbuntufocal*
Linux-oracleUbuntujammy*
Linux-oracleUbuntukinetic*
Linux-oracleUbuntulunar*
Linux-oracleUbuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.0Ubuntubionic*
Linux-oracle-5.0Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oracle-5.0Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracle-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oracle-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracle-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oracle-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracle-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oracle-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-oracle-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oracle-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-oracle-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oracle-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracle-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oracle-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-raspiUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-raspiUbuntufocal*
Linux-raspiUbuntujammy*
Linux-raspiUbuntukinetic*
Linux-raspiUbuntulunar*
Linux-raspiUbuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-raspi-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-raspi-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi-realtimeUbuntunoble*
Linux-raspi-realtimeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntubionic*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntufocal*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntuxenial*
Linux-raspi2-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-raspi2-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-realtimeUbuntujammy*
Linux-realtimeUbunturealtime/jammy*
Linux-realtimeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-realtime-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-realtime-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscvUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-riscvUbuntufocal*
Linux-riscvUbuntujammy*
Linux-riscvUbuntukinetic*
Linux-riscvUbuntulunar*
Linux-riscvUbuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-riscv-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-riscv-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-riscv-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-riscv-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-riscv-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-riscv-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-riscv-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-snapdragonUbuntubionic*
Linux-snapdragonUbuntuupstream*
Linux-snapdragonUbuntuxenial*
Linux-starfiveUbuntukinetic*
Linux-starfiveUbuntulunar*
Linux-starfiveUbuntuupstream*
Linux-starfive-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-starfive-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-starfive-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-starfive-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-xilinxUbuntuupstream*
Linux-xilinx-zynqmpUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-xilinx-zynqmpUbuntufocal*
Linux-xilinx-zynqmpUbuntujammy*
Linux-xilinx-zynqmpUbuntuupstream*

Potential Mitigations

  • Use languages, libraries, or frameworks that make it easier to handle numbers without unexpected consequences.
  • Examples include safe integer handling packages such as SafeInt (C++) or IntegerLib (C or C++).
  • Use languages, libraries, or frameworks that make it easier to handle numbers without unexpected consequences.
  • Examples include safe integer handling packages such as SafeInt (C++) or IntegerLib (C or C++).

References