CVE Vulnerabilities

CVE-2025-38395

Out-of-bounds Read

Published: Jul 25, 2025 | Modified: Dec 23, 2025
CVSS 3.x
7.1
HIGH
Source:
NVD
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H
CVSS 2.x
RedHat/V2
RedHat/V3
5.6 MODERATE
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H
Ubuntu
MEDIUM
root.io logo minimus.io logo echo.ai logo

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

regulator: gpio: Fix the out-of-bounds access to drvdata::gpiods

drvdata::gpiods is supposed to hold an array of gpio_desc pointers. But the memory is allocated for only one pointer. This will lead to out-of-bounds access later in the code if config::ngpios is > 1. So fix the code to allocate enough memory to hold config::ngpios of GPIO descriptors.

While at it, also move the check for memory allocation failure to be below the allocation to make it more readable.

Weakness

The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

Affected Software

NameVendorStart VersionEnd Version
Linux_kernelLinux5.1 (including)5.4.296 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux5.5 (including)5.10.240 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux5.11 (including)5.15.187 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux5.16 (including)6.1.144 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux6.2 (including)6.6.97 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux6.7 (including)6.12.37 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux6.13 (including)6.15.6 (excluding)
Linux_kernelLinux6.16-rc1 (including)6.16-rc1 (including)
Linux_kernelLinux6.16-rc2 (including)6.16-rc2 (including)
Linux_kernelLinux6.16-rc3 (including)6.16-rc3 (including)
Linux_kernelLinux6.16-rc4 (including)6.16-rc4 (including)
LinuxUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
LinuxUbuntufocal*
LinuxUbuntujammy*
LinuxUbuntunoble*
LinuxUbuntuplucky*
LinuxUbuntuupstream*
Linux-allwinner-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-allwinner-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-awsUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-awsUbuntufocal*
Linux-awsUbuntujammy*
Linux-awsUbuntunoble*
Linux-awsUbuntuplucky*
Linux-awsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.0Ubuntubionic*
Linux-aws-5.0Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-aws-5.0Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-aws-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-aws-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-aws-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-aws-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-aws-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-aws-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-aws-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-aws-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-aws-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-aws-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-aws-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-aws-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-aws-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.14Ubuntunoble*
Linux-aws-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-aws-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.5Ubuntujammy*
Linux-aws-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-6.8Ubuntujammy*
Linux-aws-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntufips-preview/jammy*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntufips-updates/jammy*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntufips-updates/noble*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntutrusty*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-aws-fipsUbuntuxenial*
Linux-aws-hweUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azureUbuntubionic*
Linux-azureUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azureUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azureUbuntufocal*
Linux-azureUbuntujammy*
Linux-azureUbuntunoble*
Linux-azureUbuntuplucky*
Linux-azureUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-4.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-azure-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-azure-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-azure-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-azure-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azure-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-azure-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azure-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-azure-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.11Ubuntunoble*
Linux-azure-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.14Ubuntunoble*
Linux-azure-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.5Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-6.8Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-edgeUbuntubionic*
Linux-azure-edgeUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-azure-edgeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntufocal*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntujammy*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntunoble*
Linux-azure-fdeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-fde-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-fde-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fde-6.8Ubuntujammy*
Linux-azure-fde-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntufips-preview/jammy*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntufips-updates/jammy*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntufips-updates/noble*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntutrusty*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-fipsUbuntuxenial*
Linux-azure-nvidiaUbuntunoble*
Linux-azure-nvidiaUbuntuupstream*
Linux-azure-nvidia-6.14Ubuntunoble*
Linux-azure-nvidia-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-bluefieldUbuntubluefield/jammy*
Linux-bluefieldUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-bluefieldUbuntufocal*
Linux-bluefieldUbuntuupstream*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips-preview/jammy*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips-updates/jammy*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips-updates/noble*
Linux-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gcpUbuntubionic*
Linux-gcpUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gcpUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcpUbuntufocal*
Linux-gcpUbuntujammy*
Linux-gcpUbuntunoble*
Linux-gcpUbuntuplucky*
Linux-gcpUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-4.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcp-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gcp-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcp-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gcp-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcp-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gcp-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-gcp-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gcp-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gcp-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gcp-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gcp-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gcp-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gcp-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.11Ubuntunoble*
Linux-gcp-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.14Ubuntunoble*
Linux-gcp-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-gcp-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.5Ubuntujammy*
Linux-gcp-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-6.8Ubuntujammy*
Linux-gcp-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntufips-preview/jammy*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntufips-updates/focal*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntufips-updates/jammy*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntufips-updates/noble*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntufips/focal*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntutrusty*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gcp-fipsUbuntuxenial*
Linux-gkeUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gkeUbuntufocal*
Linux-gkeUbuntujammy*
Linux-gkeUbuntunoble*
Linux-gkeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeUbuntuxenial*
Linux-gke-4.15Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gke-4.15Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gke-4.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gke-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gke-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gke-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gke-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gke-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gke-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeopUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gkeopUbuntufocal*
Linux-gkeopUbuntujammy*
Linux-gkeopUbuntunoble*
Linux-gkeopUbuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeop-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-gkeop-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-gkeop-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-gkeop-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-gkeop-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-gkeop-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hweUbuntubionic*
Linux-hweUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-hweUbuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-hwe-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-hwe-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-hwe-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-hwe-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-hwe-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-hwe-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-hwe-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-hwe-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-hwe-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-hwe-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-hwe-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.11Ubuntunoble*
Linux-hwe-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-hwe-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.5Ubuntujammy*
Linux-hwe-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-6.8Ubuntujammy*
Linux-hwe-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntubionic*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuesm-infra/xenial*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-hwe-edgeUbuntuxenial*
Linux-ibmUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-ibmUbuntufocal*
Linux-ibmUbuntujammy*
Linux-ibmUbuntunoble*
Linux-ibmUbuntuupstream*
Linux-ibm-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-ibm-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-ibm-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-ibm-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-ibm-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-ibm-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-ibm-6.8Ubuntujammy*
Linux-ibm-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-intelUbuntunoble*
Linux-intelUbuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-intel-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-intel-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-iot-realtimeUbuntujammy*
Linux-intel-iot-realtimeUbunturealtime/jammy*
Linux-intel-iot-realtimeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-iotgUbuntujammy*
Linux-intel-iotgUbuntuupstream*
Linux-intel-iotg-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-intel-iotg-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-intel-iotg-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-iotUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-iotUbuntufocal*
Linux-iotUbuntuupstream*
Linux-kvmUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-kvmUbuntufocal*
Linux-kvmUbuntujammy*
Linux-kvmUbuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatencyUbuntujammy*
Linux-lowlatencyUbuntunoble*
Linux-lowlatencyUbuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.11Ubuntunoble*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5Ubuntujammy*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8Ubuntujammy*
Linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-lts-xenialUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidiaUbuntujammy*
Linux-nvidiaUbuntunoble*
Linux-nvidiaUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.11Ubuntunoble*
Linux-nvidia-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-nvidia-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.5Ubuntujammy*
Linux-nvidia-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-6.8Ubuntujammy*
Linux-nvidia-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-lowlatencyUbuntunoble*
Linux-nvidia-lowlatencyUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-tegraUbuntujammy*
Linux-nvidia-tegraUbuntunoble*
Linux-nvidia-tegraUbuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-igxUbuntujammy*
Linux-nvidia-tegra-igxUbuntuupstream*
Linux-oemUbuntubionic*
Linux-oemUbuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oemUbuntuupstream*
Linux-oemUbuntuxenial*
Linux-oem-5.10Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.10Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.10Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.14Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.14Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.17Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oem-5.17Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-5.6Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oem-5.6Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oem-5.6Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.0Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oem-6.0Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.1Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oem-6.1Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.11Ubuntunoble*
Linux-oem-6.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.14Ubuntunoble*
Linux-oem-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.17Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.5Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oem-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oem-6.8Ubuntunoble*
Linux-oem-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracleUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracleUbuntufocal*
Linux-oracleUbuntujammy*
Linux-oracleUbuntunoble*
Linux-oracleUbuntuplucky*
Linux-oracleUbuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.0Ubuntubionic*
Linux-oracle-5.0Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oracle-5.0Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracle-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oracle-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.13Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracle-5.13Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oracle-5.13Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracle-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oracle-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.3Ubuntubionic*
Linux-oracle-5.3Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oracle-5.3Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-oracle-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-oracle-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-oracle-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-oracle-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-6.14Ubuntunoble*
Linux-oracle-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-6.5Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oracle-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-oracle-6.8Ubuntujammy*
Linux-oracle-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-raspiUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-raspiUbuntufocal*
Linux-raspiUbuntujammy*
Linux-raspiUbuntunoble*
Linux-raspiUbuntuplucky*
Linux-raspiUbuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi-5.4Ubuntubionic*
Linux-raspi-5.4Ubuntuesm-infra/bionic*
Linux-raspi-5.4Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi-realtimeUbuntunoble*
Linux-raspi-realtimeUbunturealtime/noble*
Linux-raspi-realtimeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntubionic*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntufocal*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-raspi2Ubuntuxenial*
Linux-realtimeUbuntujammy*
Linux-realtimeUbuntunoble*
Linux-realtimeUbuntuplucky*
Linux-realtimeUbunturealtime/jammy*
Linux-realtimeUbunturealtime/noble*
Linux-realtimeUbuntuupstream*
Linux-realtime-6.14Ubunturealtime/noble*
Linux-realtime-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-realtime-6.8Ubunturealtime/jammy*
Linux-realtime-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscvUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-riscvUbuntufocal*
Linux-riscvUbuntujammy*
Linux-riscvUbuntunoble*
Linux-riscvUbuntuplucky*
Linux-riscvUbuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.11Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-riscv-5.11Ubuntufocal*
Linux-riscv-5.11Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.15Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-riscv-5.15Ubuntufocal*
Linux-riscv-5.15Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-riscv-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-5.8Ubuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-riscv-5.8Ubuntufocal*
Linux-riscv-5.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-6.14Ubuntunoble*
Linux-riscv-6.14Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-6.5Ubuntujammy*
Linux-riscv-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-riscv-6.8Ubuntujammy*
Linux-riscv-6.8Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-starfive-5.19Ubuntujammy*
Linux-starfive-5.19Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-starfive-6.2Ubuntujammy*
Linux-starfive-6.2Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-starfive-6.5Ubuntujammy*
Linux-starfive-6.5Ubuntuupstream*
Linux-xilinxUbuntunoble*
Linux-xilinxUbuntuupstream*
Linux-xilinx-zynqmpUbuntuesm-infra/focal*
Linux-xilinx-zynqmpUbuntufocal*
Linux-xilinx-zynqmpUbuntujammy*
Linux-xilinx-zynqmpUbuntuupstream*

Potential Mitigations

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an “accept known good” input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, “boat” may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as “red” or “blue.”
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code’s environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.

References