In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

fs: Prevent file descriptor table allocations exceeding INT_MAX

When sysctl_nr_open is set to a very high value (for example, 1073741816 as set by systemd), processes attempting to use file descriptors near the limit can trigger massive memory allocation attempts that exceed INT_MAX, resulting in a WARNING in mm/slub.c:

WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 44 at mm/slub.c:5027 __kvmalloc_node_noprof+0x21a/0x288

This happens because kvmalloc_array() and kvmalloc() check if the requested size exceeds INT_MAX and emit a warning when the allocation is not flagged with __GFP_NOWARN.

Specifically, when nr_open is set to 1073741816 (0x3ffffff8) and a process calls dup2(oldfd, 1073741880), the kernel attempts to allocate:

• File descriptor array: 1073741880 * 8 bytes = 8,589,935,040 bytes
• Multiple bitmaps: ~400MB
• Total allocation size: > 8GB (exceeding INT_MAX = 2,147,483,647)

Reproducer:

1. Set /proc/sys/fs/nr_open to 1073741816:

   echo 1073741816 > /proc/sys/fs/nr_open

2. Run a program that uses a high file descriptor: #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/resource.h>

   int main() { struct rlimit rlim = {1073741824, 1073741824}; setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim); dup2(2, 1073741880); // Triggers the warning return 0; }

3. Observe WARNING in dmesg at mm/slub.c:5027

systemd commit a8b627a introduced automatic bumping of fs.nr_open to the maximum possible value. The rationale was that systems with memory control groups (memcg) no longer need separate file descriptor limits since memory is properly accounted. However, this change overlooked that:

1. The kernels allocation functions still enforce INT_MAX as a maximum size regardless of memcg accounting
2. Programs and tests that legitimately test file descriptor limits can inadvertently trigger massive allocations
3. The resulting allocations (>8GB) are impractical and will always fail

systemds algorithm starts with INT_MAX and keeps halving the value until the kernel accepts it. On most systems, this results in nr_open being set to 1073741816 (0x3ffffff8), which is just under 1GB of file descriptors.

While processes rarely use file descriptors near this limit in normal operation, certain selftests (like tools/testing/selftests/core/unshare_test.c) and programs that test file descriptor limits can trigger this issue.

Fix this by adding a check in alloc_fdtable() to ensure the requested allocation size does not exceed INT_MAX. This causes the operation to fail with -EMFILE instead of triggering a kernel warning and avoids the impractical >8GB memory allocation request.

Weakness

The product does not sufficiently track and release allocated memory after it has been used, making the memory unavailable for reallocation and reuse.

Affected Software

Potential Mitigations

• Choose a language or tool that provides automatic memory management, or makes manual memory management less error-prone.
• For example, glibc in Linux provides protection against free of invalid pointers.
• When using Xcode to target OS X or iOS, enable automatic reference counting (ARC) [REF-391].
• To help correctly and consistently manage memory when programming in C++, consider using a smart pointer class such as std::auto_ptr (defined by ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 14882:2003), std::shared_ptr and std::unique_ptr (specified by an upcoming revision of the C++ standard, informally referred to as C++ 1x), or equivalent solutions such as Boost.

References

• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04a2c4b4511d186b0fce685da21085a5d4acd370
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/237e416eb62101f21b28c9e6e564d10efe1ecc6f
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/628fc28f42d979f36dbf75a6129ac7730e30c04e
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/749528086620f8012b83ae032a80f6ffa80c45cd
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9f61fa6a2a89a610120bc4e5d24379c667314b5c
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b4159c5a90c03f8acd3de345a7f5fc63b0909818
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d4f9351243c17865a8cdbe6b3ccd09d0b13a7bcc
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/dfd1f4ea98c3bd3a03d12169b5b2daa1f0a3e4ae
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f95638a8f22eba307dceddf5aef9ae2326bbcf98
• https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/10/msg00007.html
• https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/10/msg00008.html