CVE-2026-53109

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

powerpc/pgtable-frag: Fix bad page state in pte_frag_destroy

powerpc uses pt_frag_refcount as a reference counter for tracking its pte and pmd page table fragments. For PTE table, in case of Hash with 64K pagesize, we have 16 fragments of 4K size in one 64K page.

Patch series [1] mm: free retracted page table by RCU added pte_free_defer() to defer the freeing of PTE tables when retract_page_tables() is called for madvise MADV_COLLAPSE on shmem range. [1]: https://lore.kernel.org/all/7cd843a9-aa80-14f-5eb2-33427363c20@google.com/

pte_free_defer() sets the active flag on the corresponding fragments folio & calls pte_fragment_free(), which reduces the pt_frag_refcount. When pt_frag_refcount reaches 0 (no active fragment using the folio), it checks if the folio active flag is set, if set, it calls call_rcu to free the folio, it the active flag is unset then it calls pte_free_now().

Now, this can lead to following problem in a corner case…

[ 265.351553][ T183] BUG: Bad page state in process a.out pfn:20d62 [ 265.353555][ T183] page: refcount:0 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0x0 pfn:0x20d62 [ 265.355457][ T183] flags: 0x3ffff800000100(active|node=0|zone=0|lastcpupid=0x7ffff) [ 265.358719][ T183] raw: 003ffff800000100 0000000000000000 5deadbeef0000122 0000000000000000 [ 265.360177][ T183] raw: 0000000000000000 c0000000119caf58 00000000ffffffff 0000000000000000 [ 265.361438][ T183] page dumped because: PAGE_FLAGS_CHECK_AT_FREE flag(s) set [ 265.362572][ T183] Modules linked in: [ 265.364622][ T183] CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 183 Comm: a.out Not tainted 6.18.0-rc3-00141-g1ddeaaace7ff-dirty #53 VOLUNTARY [ 265.364785][ T183] Hardware name: IBM pSeries (emulated by qemu) POWER10 (architected) 0x801200 0xf000006 of:SLOF,git-ee03ae pSeries [ 265.364908][ T183] Call Trace: [ 265.364955][ T183] [c000000011e6f7c0] [c000000001cfaa18] dump_stack_lvl+0x130/0x148 (unreliable) [ 265.365202][ T183] [c000000011e6f7f0] [c000000000794758] bad_page+0xb4/0x1c8 [ 265.365384][ T183] [c000000011e6f890] [c00000000079c020] __free_frozen_pages+0x838/0xd08 [ 265.365554][ T183] [c000000011e6f980] [c0000000000a70ac] pte_frag_destroy+0x298/0x310 [ 265.365729][ T183] [c000000011e6fa30] [c0000000000aa764] arch_exit_mmap+0x34/0x218 [ 265.365912][ T183] [c000000011e6fa80] [c000000000751698] exit_mmap+0xb8/0x820 [ 265.366080][ T183] [c000000011e6fc30] [c0000000001b1258] __mmput+0x98/0x300 [ 265.366244][ T183] [c000000011e6fc80] [c0000000001c81f8] do_exit+0x470/0x1508 [ 265.366421][ T183] [c000000011e6fd70] [c0000000001c95e4] do_group_exit+0x88/0x148 [ 265.366602][ T183] [c000000011e6fdc0] [c0000000001c96ec] pid_child_should_wake+0x0/0x178 [ 265.366780][ T183] [c000000011e6fdf0] [c00000000003a270] system_call_exception+0x1b0/0x4e0 [ 265.366958][ T183] [c000000011e6fe50] [c00000000000d05c] system_call_vectored_common+0x15c/0x2ec

The bad page state error occurs when such a folio gets freed (with active flag set), from do_exit() path in parallel.

… this can happen when the pte fragment was allocated from this folio, but when all the fragments get freed, the pte_frag_refcount still had some unused fragments. Now, if this process exits, with such folio as its cached pte_frag in mm->context, then during pte_frag_destroy(), we simply call pagetable_dtor() and pagetable_free(), meaning it doesnt clear the active flag. This, can lead to the above bug. Since we are anyway in do_exit() path, then if the refcount is 0, then I guess it should be ok to simply clear the folio active flag before calling pagetable_dtor() & pagetable_free().

Weakness

The product reuses or references memory after it has been freed. At some point afterward, the memory may be allocated again and saved in another pointer, while the original pointer references a location somewhere within the new allocation. Any operations using the original pointer are no longer valid because the memory “belongs” to the code that operates on the new pointer.

Affected Software

Potential Mitigations

References

• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a32db6fca3c74b4eb8bae5470f0680deb4cbac6f
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c8b710655012a2993a9567873fb71a8a51f8459c
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fda4d71651f71c44b35829d13f3c8bf920032f77